Key Social Norms Take-aways Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) in non-formal educational settings can help shift social norms by increasing adolescents’ knowledge of sexual and reproductive health and promoting more inclusive gender attitudes. However, the study shows that deeply entrenched gender norms persist, indicating that sustained and more intensive interventions may be needed to meaningfully transform gender-related beliefs and behaviors.
Objectives This study compared sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) knowledge and attitudes toward inclusive gender norms among students in technical and vocational centers in Lagos State, Nigeria who were either exposed to comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) or had not received it. It also explored the perceived benefits of CSE for students and instructors in exposed centers.
Methods The researchers used a mixed-methods design combining a cross-sectional comparative survey with qualitative case study approaches. Quantitative data were collected from adolescents aged 15–24 in CSE-exposed and CSE-naïve centers using interviewer-administered questionnaires (939 analyzed responses). Attitudes toward gender norms were measured through five Likert-scale statements on gender roles and equality. Qualitative data were gathered through focus group discussions with students and key informant interviews with instructors. Findings were analyzed statistically and thematically, and interpreted using the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model.
Intervention Details The intervention involved integrating a CSE curriculum into non-formal education programs. The curriculum included modules on SRHR knowledge, life skills and values, gender, relationships, and sexuality, delivered using participatory and skills-based teaching approaches.
Results Students exposed to CSE had significantly higher knowledge of reproductive health, HIV prevention, and contraceptive methods compared to those without exposure. For example, a larger proportion of CSE-exposed students demonstrated good knowledge of condom use and modern contraceptives. However, overall attitudes toward gender-equitable norms remained limited, with only 15.4% of exposed students showing positive attitudes compared to 10.9% among non-exposed students. Qualitative findings indicated that CSE improved students’ communication skills, awareness of rights, and ability to make safer decisions, while instructors reported improved teaching skills and engagement with students.
Conclusions CSE in non-formal settings can improve SRHR knowledge, life skills, and awareness of gender norms among adolescents and instructors. While the study design limits causal conclusions, the findings suggest that expanding CSE programs could support improved SRH outcomes and contribute to gradual shifts toward more inclusive gender norms among out-of-school youth.