Key Social Norms Take-aways This study underscores the pervasive influence of mothers-in-law (MILs) on family planning (FP) behaviors among young married couples in rural Maharashtra, India. MILs reinforce entrenched gender and fertility norms, including expectations for early childbearing, son preference, and female sterilization after achieving desired family size. Although some MILs acknowledged generational shifts and supported women’s education and income generation, they continued to expect daughters-in-law (DILs) to conform to traditional domestic roles. These norms significantly constrain reproductive autonomy and contraceptive choices, suggesting that FP interventions must engage MILs directly and challenge the social norms they uphold without compromising DILs’ agency.
Objectives The study aimed to explore MILs’ attitudes, expectations, and roles regarding family planning and reproductive decision-making in rural households, especially in the context of a couple-focused FP intervention (CHARM2), in order to inform FP program design.
Methods The study employed a qualitative design involving 10 focus group discussions with 86 MILs from intervention clusters of the CHARM2 study. Data was collected from August 2019 to February 2020 in rural Maharashtra. Focus groups were transcribed, translated into English, and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis with coding focused on MILs’ roles, attitudes toward DILs, FP norms, and decision-making dynamics.
Results MILs consistently endorsed early childbearing and expressed skepticism toward short-term contraceptive methods, preferring female sterilization after childbearing—especially after the birth of sons. While they supported birth spacing in principle, it was often framed through the lens of achieving a son. MILs often felt entitled to influence reproductive decisions, reflecting patrilocal norms, though many acknowledged increased DIL autonomy due to better education and awareness. Despite some recognition of evolving norms, MILs expected DILs to adhere to traditional domestic responsibilities. Negative attitudes toward modern contraceptives, especially IUDs and pills, were widespread, often based on misinformation. MILs expressed interest in participating in FP programs to gain knowledge and remain involved in household decisions.
Conclusions MILs play a pivotal role in shaping fertility behaviors through reinforcement of traditional gender and reproductive norms. Their involvement in FP interventions is crucial but must be designed carefully to avoid reinforcing their authority over DILs’ reproductive choices. Programs should incorporate gender-transformative strategies that promote women’s autonomy while constructively engaging MILs to shift deep-seated norms around contraception, early marriage, and son preference.