Key Social Norms Take-aways Fear-based parent–child communication about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) in rural southwestern Uganda reflects strong social norms related to family reputation, gender roles, and moral responsibility. Mothers are expected to regulate daughters’ sexuality to protect family honour, while fathers often remain emotionally distant due to norms linking masculinity with authority and silence. These gendered expectations reinforce fear-based communication, limit open dialogue, and contribute to adolescents seeking SRH information from peers or digital sources rather than parents.
Objectives The study examines the drivers and influences of fear-based parent–adolescent SRH communication in rural southwestern Uganda, focusing on how cultural norms, gender ideologies, and socio-political contexts shape communication practices.
Methods Using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach, the study collected qualitative baseline data in Rwebishekye parish between July and September 2020. Data were gathered through interviews and focus group discussions with 88 participants, including caregivers, adolescents, young adults, and community stakeholders. A Community Advisory Board supported the research design and implementation. Data were analysed thematically using NVivo, guided by African feminist theory and Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model to explore influences across individual, interpersonal, community, and institutional levels.
Results Fear-based communication—such as warnings, threats, and silence—was widely used by parents to discourage adolescent sexual activity and maintain family reputation. Mothers often carried the responsibility of regulating daughters’ behaviour, while fathers were less directly involved in SRH discussions, particularly with sons. Religious teachings, political discourse, community surveillance, and concerns about social media reinforced parental fears and disciplinary approaches. Adolescents frequently experienced these interactions as punitive, leading to mistrust and reduced openness. Many reported seeking SRH information from peers or digital media instead of parents.
Conclusions Fear-based SRH communication is a socially embedded practice shaped by gender norms, reputational pressures, and institutional discourses. Although intended to protect adolescents, it often undermines trust and limits access to accurate SRH information. The authors conclude that programmes should address broader gendered social norms, support mothers beyond disciplinary roles, and engage fathers as active and emotionally present participants in SRH communication to foster more open and supportive dialogue within families.