Gender-norms, violence and adolescence: Exploring how gender norms are associated with experiences of childhood violence among young adolescents in Ethiopia
Outcomes: Gender‑Based Violence
View SourceKey Social Norms Take-aways This study finds that community-level gender norms, measured through aggregated individual attitudes, are significantly associated with adolescents’ experiences of violence within the home in Ethiopia. A 12-point scale captured inequitable gender norms (IGNs), reflecting both descriptive and injunctive norms. These community norms were more predictive of violence than individual or household attitudes, especially in rural areas. The findings highlight the need to prioritize shifting social norms at the community level in violence prevention efforts.
Objectives To explore how individual, household, and community-level gender norms and attitudes relate to experiences of household violence among young adolescents (ages 10–12) in Ethiopia.
Methods The study used mixed methods from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) baseline conducted in 2017–2018. Quantitative data came from 5,448 adolescents across three Ethiopian regions. Gender attitudes were measured through scales for adolescents and their primary female caregivers. Community norms were constructed by aggregating responses within each kebele. Qualitative data from 192 adolescents and 158 caregivers explored contextual understandings of violence and norm enforcement. Regression analysis (OLS) tested associations between norms and experiences of physical and psychological violence.
Results Over 66% of adolescents reported experiencing household violence in the past year. Community-level norms were significantly associated with increased likelihood of violence, while individual and caregiver attitudes were not. The relationship was curvilinear—violence increased with more inequitable norms but plateaued or declined in the most inequitable communities. In rural areas, community norms had the strongest influence; in urban areas, individual attitudes were more relevant. Qualitative findings showed that violence is often normalized, especially in rural settings, and that girls are typically punished for violating gendered expectations such as domestic obedience or associating with boys.
Conclusions Community norms are more influential than individual or household attitudes in shaping experiences of violence among young adolescents. Programs aiming to reduce childhood violence should address broader community norms—especially in rural areas where gender inequity is deeply entrenched. These insights support integrating norm-shifting strategies into violence prevention programming, alongside efforts to strengthen reporting systems and promote positive parenting practices.
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